Ethical Theories Of Business

Ethical Theories Of Business Ethical theory studies different philosophies or systems used to explain and make judgments regarding right/wrong/good/bad. It challenges to bring in clarity, substance, and precision of argument into the area of morality. They also dispute on how we should value humans in our actions. Ethical theories suggest justification for judgment regarding the morality or immorality of actions, and they provide a basis for claims about moral obligations. Ethical theories are based on the ethical principles. They each highlight different features of an ethical dilemma and direct to the most ethically approved decision according to the guiding principle within the ethical theory itself. Generally ethical principles stem from ethical theories, and when defending a particular action, ethicists normally appeal to these principles, not the underlying theory. Ethical theory is applied to the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are s ubject of moral judgment. It is thus a term used to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. This essay briefly explains the purpose of an ethical theory and why no more than one ethical theory can be right. It outlines the positions the two ethical theories. It further discusses on claim So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Finally it outlines and illustrates one criticism that an opponent might level at each of the ethical theories. Ethical theories and principles are the foundation of ethical analysis as they guide along the pathway to a decision. Purpose of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Ethical theory highlights different points such as predicting the outcome and following duties in order to reach an ethically truthful decision. Ethical theory attempts to answer the fundamental practical ethical question of What ought I to do? and How ought I live? It offers the fundamental justification for judgment in relation to the morality or immorality of actions, and provides a basis for claims about moral obligations (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). These principles/roles of ethical theories are the common goals that they try to achieve in order to be successful. This goal includes beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. The principle of beneficence directs ethical theory to do what is good, which should attempt to engender the largest ratio of good over evil. The principle of least harm states that a person should choose least harm possible which harms the fewest people. Respect for autonomy states that people should be allowed to make decisions of their lives which applies them and justice affirm that justice should be tolerable and actions to be fair for those who are involved. There are several varieties of ethical theories to choose from in a business ethics environment however only one ethical theory could suite a particular environment at that instance. This is for the reason that all theories have been developed by unique philosophers. Ethicists and people who generally apply these theories could also have different ideas of how to answer questions such as What is the right way to act in this situation?, What makes this the right way to act in this situation? and How should I act in general so as to live a good life? (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.27,28). All theories convey a different idea on why an action counts as ethically good or bad. Lets say for instance we take utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory, utilitarianism argues that moral importance of an action lies on the predictable consequences of the action where as kantian moral theory emphasizes on the moral importance of an action lies in the principle of the person s action. For example a person steals $100 from a billionaire and uses that money to feed 40 hungry kids on street, utilitarianism will agree that it is morally a good thing as it produces greater happiness. However, kantian theory would argue that stealing money from someone is wrong as this will break the law even though it will help 40 hungry kids. Ethical theories purposes are based on above ethical principles. Two ethical theories in this course which I have chosen to discuss comprehensively are utilitarianism and kantian moral theory. Utilitarianism ethical theory proposes that moral worth of actions should be judged by its utility in providing happiness or suffering, compared with the amount of happiness or suffering likely to be caused by alternative actions (The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand, 2009, Module 1 p.20). It is one of the more functional and commonly used theories today which is also sometimes called consequentialism. Utilitarianism is well known by the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number of people which utter that the moral right action is the one that is most likely to maximize happiness, bearing in mind that equally interests of all affected by it, no matter who these people are. For example, a witness lies at the court house that the victim murdered a person. As the victim would have been sentenced, there would have been no one left to take care of his three kids. Under utilitarianism, this was morally the right thing for the witness to do as the result have benefited more people. Th ere are two sorts of utilitarianism, which are act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is mostly what described above where a person performs the acts that benefits the most people. Rule utilitarianism uses the same principle of benefiting the most people but through the fairness and most just means available. This add extra value to rule utilitarianism as it adds value justice and general rules while including the benefits greatest happiness principles. One benefit of this ethical theory is that utilitarian can match up similar predicted solutions and draw on a point system to decide which choice is more beneficial for more people. It compares the likely good and bad consequences of one action with the likely good and bad consequences of the alternative action. Kantian moral theory is a deontological ethical theory which came from a Greek word meaning duty. Deontological theory is an approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the actions adherence to rule or rules (Wikipedia, 2010). It holds that most important aspects of lives are governed by certain unbreakable. This ethical theory is based on the idea that we all have a duty to perform certain things and not to perform certain things. Rules should not be broken even if breaking them may improve an outcome. For example, if some one says lying is always wrong in principle; than it is morally wrong to lie to people even though it could have produced better consequences. It does not look at how much good will cause by an action, rather they look at the action itself and then decide whether it is prohibited or complete mandatory by one of their rules. Deontologists have very strong approach on the words, right and good. Right has to do with actions. Good has to do throu gh outcomes. Good can be many things such as pleasure, happiness, harmony, wealth and so on. Deontological moral theory also seems to be concern about respect for rational humanity as an important aspect of moral importance. It sees all people as having fundamental moral value in virtue of being rational being. We must examine the principles of action to notice whether it shows respect for rational humanity or not. To check whether our actions meet the definite imperative to respect rational humanity, Kant moral theory inquire two question which is can we rationally will that this principle should become a universal law for everybody and are we treating persons as end in themselves, or solely as a means to an end . Drawing on the following claim that So long as a businesss actions are legal and accepted by consumers and shareholders, the actions can be considered ethically good. Utilitarianism involves an equal and impartial consideration of interest. Equal and impartial means that someone can not only consider the greatest good for the company, the overall greatest good should be considered which will benefit everyone affected by the action. In general, Utilitarianism is not bounded by any rules or regulations to determine the moral obligations. Its moral worth of action is solely determined by its involvement of overall utility. Overall utility arises when the good consequences are maximized and proficiently achieving happiness or pleasure versus lack of suffering or pain. Utilitarianism will deal with this claim by overlooking the legal aspect and will spotlight on the consequences, which is in this case are the consumers and shareholders. Utilitarianism will rephrase the claim that business actions are acceptable if it maximizes the benefits of consumers and shareholders. However, rule utilitarianism will argue that the action is morally acceptable for t he reason that the business is following its legal obligations and at the same time, the consequences is benefiting the consumers and shareholders. Rule utilitarianism takes account of the legal business actions and concerns with the fairness of consumers and shareholders in this situation. Kantian moral theory will see the claim differently than what utilitarianism has stated above. Kantian theory states that actions are morally right in virtue of their motives, which must derive more from duty than from inclination (Beauchamp Bowie, 2004). It is a theory that is restrained by rules and regulations and it saw people as having essential moral value since they are rational being. It sees all people as morally important as an end and never treats them as a means to an end. In the claim that business actions are legal and acceptable by consumers and shareholders, Kantian moral theory will agree that the action is ethically good. This is for the reason that the consumers and shareholders are treated appropriately while also taking account of the legal business actions. Kantian moral theory idea is that actions to be morally acceptable, it is required to be able to be made a universal law without opposing its own principle. Unlike utilitarianism, kantian moral theory disreg ard the consequences of the actions when coming to a decision of right or wrong as it determines the moral goodness on principles behind the action. Kantian moral theory and other theories criticize utilitarianism theory that it suffers from numerous problems. Particularly, one criticism which I would like to consider consideration discussing is that utilitarianism theory is the treatment of minorities against majorities. Majority of opponents argue that utilitarian position can be unfair to the minorities. This is because utilitarianism embraces that actions that cause suffering to minority in order to benefit majority are morally good. This legal system in utilitarianism punishes the behavior of the minority even though the minority party might not be guilty. For example, a wealthy man named Kris residing in a small town who owns a company. This company is the major source of employment for the town people. One night, Kriss son caught up with a fight with other 3 boys of the same town. The police found that Kriss son was drunk and police found him at fault. Kris came to the police station and told the police that his son is inn ocent and if the police will lay any charges on his son, he will fire the 3 employees whose son were involved in this fight. Utilitarianism will argue that if this action will be taken, there will be more suffer and pain for the three families as the main source of income for survival will vanish. Taking the principle of greatest good for greatest number of people, utilitarianism theory will let go Kriss son. This is just an example where the minorities suffer even though they might not be wrong sometimes. This can also be said that in a similar situation described above, people could sometimes loose their human rights as utilitarianism theory only looks ate the result of the action and which party or action could make greater benefits for majorities. Kantian moral theory also has drawbacks mention by other ethical theories such as utilitarianism. One of the most common criticisms of kantian moral theory is that this theory ignores the consequences. It denies the moral importance of the likely consequences of any action. In some situations, it just focuses on the rules and regulations a person should follow and disturbingly disregards the consequences. For example, a chap went to buy some chocolate for his kid at the nearby shop. While returning home, accompanied by his wife and boy, some young youth attack him for some money. While in the clash, one of the thugs stab his wife. The man thought that they might also kill him and his son so he threw a beer bottle which he obtains near by to one of the thug and that stroked is head really hard. He garbed his son and escaped to near by police station. When the police came to the incident, they also found another person dead in that scene. He explained the whole story to the police and then the police started its investigation. Under kantian theory, the man will be sentenced for life as any person who kills another person is being sentenced for life. Kantian moral theory here just looked at the rules and comes with the relevant action needed to be taken ignore the consequences and leaving the investigation. Principle of ethical theories argues that how we should value and treat human beings in our actions and proposes essential reason to considers an action to be ethically good or bad. Two ethical theories covered in this discussion were Utilitarianism and Kantian moral theory. Both theories affirmed their benefits and criticism. It is difficult to address that one theory is better than the other as both theories could come right depending of the situation and circumstances.

And the Fraud Continues

1. ) Discuss the Internal control weaknesses that existed at MCI that contributed to the commission of this fraud: MCI biggest internal control weaknesses at was Pavlo. Pavlo was able to manipulate MCI account receivable system which he helped to create and develop. When the same employee is able to receive and update payments, the chance of manipulation and embezzlement of funds is very high. By one person being able to record accounts receivable, or even reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. This is what happens to MCI with Pavlo, through the following: a. By writing off a companies account receivables and converting them into notes receivable, Asset are created on the balance sheet. When customers are unable or may not pay their debts, companies may be able to write-off bad debts on their income tax returns. Companies’ accounts receivable can present a problem when only a few employees are available to manage company fi nances. By allowing the same employee to receive payments, update accounts receivable records, and reconcile the company's bank account, he/she may be able to embezzle money from the company. b. Unapplied cash was used for the bad debt and slow payments. By allocations of delinquent or bad receivables, made the expenses related to the write off of the receivables will not be entered on the income statement. c. Credit Holds was used. MCI called customers in regards to their past due account receivables. MCI were told by the customer that they were sending a payment immediately, MCI credited their receivables before receiving the cash. By Pavlo’s manipulating the account receivable it helped him delayed the inevitable. The recognition of bad debt and uncollected receivables that have to be expensed on the income statement. . Identify and justify the approach you would take if you suspected fraudulent activity within an organization where you work: Should I suspect fraudulent activity within an organization. I would investigate the suspected activity and reporting the suspected activity to the correct personnel. The Internal Auditor’s Office should coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. Employees shall not de stroy any document or record of any kind that may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste, or abuse. The application of professional skepticism is essential any audit investigation. Professional skepticism in auditing implies an attitude that includes a questioning mind and a critical assessment of audit evidence without being obsessively suspicious or skeptical. Don’t make matters worse by getting into legal liability by the way you handle the matter. Do not speak to anyone about the person that's suspected of committing the fraud before reporting it to management. By speaking to someone other than management you could be sued for slander. Consult an attorney who specializes in employment-related matters. When an employee has knowledge of fraud, waste, or abuse has good reason to suspect that such conduct has occurred should adhere to the procedures in the Organization’s Policy. When suspected fraudulent activity, waste, or abuse is observed by, or made known to an employee. The employee should immediately report the activity to his/her direct supervisor. If an employee believes that their supervisor are involved in the activity, he/she should immediately report the activity to the supervisor’s manager as well as the CFO and CEO. If an employee believes that the supervisor’s, management and/or the CEO may be involved with the activity, the employee should either contact the Internal Auditor directly or file a report via the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Referral System also known as the Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Hotline, (McMullen, A. (2012). When an employee is suspected of any activity, he or she should not make any attempt to investigate the suspected activity prior to reporting it. The Internal Auditor’s Office will coordinate investigations of fraud, waste, or abuse. The employee should not destroy any document or record that he or she knows may be relevant to a past, present, or future investigation of fraud, waste or abuse. Employees that suspect violation or who have questions, complaints or suggestions, should share their concerns with someone who can address them properly. Thus, it's a myth that fraud is a big scheme that should be uncovered sooner and easy to detect. Most all fraud starts small and then gets bigger and bigger, until something becomes noticeably different or unusual. Once fraudulent activity has been noted, someone should take action to investigate the situation and determine if a fraud has been committed. Being aware of these activity are only step one and is usually not enough for the organization. Once these activity are identified, you must take action to determine its effect. Evaluating the fraudulent activity may be accomplished by financial analysis, observation or by any other technique that tests an apparent weakness. Once the analysis is complete it’s time to move on to correct the situation (Wells, 2012). . Critique the ethical nature of Pavlo’s actions in this case: Walt Pavlo, the Credit Collections Manager at MCI Telecommunications, Inc. Falsified MCI accounts receivables and stole $6 million from MCI, spoke of greed, opportunity, and culture. His testimony and facts, however, provides a far different view. This was a willful, active fraud involving a very small group of customers, executed by a very small group of peo ple. As a Fraudsters and white-collar, he acted deliberately, out of greed, power and perhaps even stupidity and ultimately got caught. These perpetrators exhibited many typical fraud behaviors. White-collar criminal that involves embezzlement and breach of trust being the prevalent modes involved. Pavlo had to collect on debts owed to MCI by large corporate clients. Pavlo's job was not easy. MCI extended large amount of credit to high-risk customers and refused to write-off receivables as bad debt. By doing this, MCI was in violation of accounting principles. Pavol was desperate to keep his job, he began to employ suspect accounting techniques to hide the unpaid debt. By falsification of accounting record in contravention of Pavlo, also found a way to siphon off $6 million for personal aggrandizement (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg, 121). Pavlo claim of trying unsuccessfully to get MCI to take a $180 million charge blatantly conflicts with the facts. In a 2002 article, Pavlo had claimed the number was $88 million. Either inflation has increased his number or he didn’t review his earlier stories! Pavlo’s actions was illegal which would be characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust. Which are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. Pavlo action was a self-centered and motivated by his own greed, without regard for ethics or fiduciary duty to co-workers, and stakeholder (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). When it comes to Walter Pavlo Jr. and the choices he made. The phrase â€Å"power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is false. Having power alone does not have the ability to corrupt, but it does provides one of the three elements necessary for a person to commit a fraudulent act. Trusted persons sometimes become trust violators. When they conceive themselves as having a financial problem which is non-sharable, are aware these problem can be secretly resolved by violation of the position of financial trust and are able to apply to their own conduct which enable them to adjust their conceptions of themselves as trusted (Coenen 2009). Regardless of what moral code may be in place. Corruption occurs when a person breaks the moral code or principle that pertains to him or her. Which is what Pavlo did. According to the fraud triangle, in every instance of fraud three elements are present: motivation, opportunity, and rationalization (Coenen 2009). This theory was developed to help identify possible fraud, a name given to corruption within a business, it also applies to corruption in general. In order for corruption to happen, an individual or group of individuals, must have motivation, opportunity, and significant rationale to justify committing a fraudulent act. Because three elements must harmoniously combine to create an environment in which one may act corruptly, only one of the three elements needs thwarting to break the triangle and prevent corruption (Wells, 2012). All element of the fraud triangle must be present to break a moral code. The first element necessary where corruption may occur is motivation. Motivation can include a financial need, such as the need to take care of an ill parent who is quickly accumulating medical expenses far beyond what his or her family can pay. But motivation to commit a corrupt act can include perceived need also. When a person may be earning enough money to cover all of his or her needs, but he or she may feel driven to commit a corrupt act by a strong desire for a higher standard of living than he or she can not afford. A person may also come motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act. A person can also be motivated by non-financial pressure to commit a corrupt act (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 121). The second element which must be in place to commit a corrupt act is rationalization. Humans have the complex ability to think deductively, inductively, and process large amounts of information to make rational decisions. Unfortunately, one’s ability to â€Å"employ reason† (rationalize) may or may not lead him or her down the right path. Pavlo’s story provides an excellent example of poor reasoning. Pavlo rationalized stealing from MCI by telling himself that MCI was committing much more heinous crimes than he was. He believed that MCI was so crooked that it could not come after him for doing the much lesser crime of stealing a few accounts receivables (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). Pavlo’s opportunity to pilfer accounts receivables was granted to him by MCI’s poor control environment. Pavlo often engaged the accounts receivable department in a practice known as accounts receivable lapping, posting payments received from one customer to another’s account to make overdue accounts appear current, in order to meet corporate bad debt expense goals (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 101). MCI’s management encouraged and rewarded Pavlo for accounts receivable lapping and many other inventive and extremely illegal acts that helped MCI reach its projected financial numbers. MCI’s flagrant desire to illegally hide its bad debt gave Pavlo the opportunity to conceal the accounts receivable he was thieving within the constant myriad of lies that constituted MCI’s financial department (Wells, 2012). He was involved in asset Misappropriation: Asset misappropriation schemes are frauds in which the perpetrator steals or misuses an organization’s resources. Common examples of asset misappropriation include false invoicing, payroll fraud, and skimming (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). Corruption: In the context of occupational fraud, corruption refers to schemes in which fraudsters use their influence in business transactions in a way that violates their duty to their employers in order to obtain a benefit for themselves or someone else. For example, employees might receive or offer bribes, extort funds from third parties, or engage in conflicts of interest. Financial Statement Fraud: The third category of occupational fraud, financial statement fraud, involves the intentional misstatement or omission of material information from the organization’s financial reports; these are the cases of â€Å"cooking the books† that often make front page headlines. Financial statement fraud cases often involve the reporting of fictitious revenues or the concealment of expenses or liabilities in order to make an organization appear more profitable than it really is (Kranacher, Riley and Wells, 2010). It is fact that during 1996, MCI wrote off $120 million of carrier receivables and recognized even more exposure by adding to bad debt reserves. So, his claim that MCI â€Å"hid† bad debt expense is just bogus. He further claims â€Å"his bosses† said the maximum that could be written down would be $15 million, and that is also senseless (Pavlo Jr. and Weinberg 257). 4. Apply one (1) theory related to crime causation to this case: No one theory of crime explains all criminal activity and most theories are complementary to one another. You should approach crime causation with a multidimensional view because of the vast complexities involved in human actions and interactions. With that in mind, let’s take a look at one of the prominent theories that appears to relate to Pavlo’s fraud case. Social engineering/Social learning theory causation: They learn to engage in crime, primarily through their association with others. They are reinforced for crime, they learn beliefs that are favorable to crime, and they are exposed to criminal models. As a consequence, they come to view crime as something that is desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations. The primary version of social learning theory in criminology is that of Ronald Akers and the[pic] description that follows draws heavily on his work. Akers's theory, in turn, represents an elaboration of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory. The Sociological school of crime causation defines that social disorganization is a major factor in criminal behaviors. Specifically the Sociological Theories theorize that the impact of individuals with the surroundings, groups, and social environment can dictate criminal behavior. Under this school of crime causation crime can be the growth of subgroup relationships (McMullen, 2012). According to Weinberg’s research, white-collar criminals are not just ordinary people; they are smart, well-educated and ambitious. They often start as wide-eye fresh graduate’s at large corporations of which profit-driven culture infiltrates all levels within. Why do they turn out to be the thieves stealing from the economy $2. trillion per year? Weinberg argues that these people like Pavlo, do not just wake up one day and decide to commit in a greed-inspired fraud. In fact, only 7% of perpetrators have prior conviction. They operate business under the performance pressure from investors, and stockholders, which present opportunities for companies to hide flaws and falsify earnings at multiple levels. Wei nberg presents a triangle of Need/Incentives, Opportunity, and Rationalization as a combined force triggering ordinary people to commit extraordinary crimes. In his book, he suggests that by pushing ethics education at school and setting the right tone at the top, we can reduce the damages caused by corporate frauds (Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, 2010). The connection between fraud and the â€Å"tone at the top† of an organization has received international attention over the last few years. Tone at the top refers to the ethical atmosphere that is created in the workplace by the organization's leadership. Whatever tone management sets will have a trickle-down effect on employees of the company. If the tone set by managers upholds ethics and integrity, employees will be more inclined to uphold those same values. However, if upper management appears unconcerned with ethics and focuses solely on the bottom line, employees will be more prone to commit fraud because they feel that ethical conduct is not a focus or priority within the organization. Employees pay close attention to the behavior and actions of their bosses, and they follow their lead. In short, employees will do what they witness their bosses doing (McMullen, 2012).

Compare/Contrast A Good Man Is Hard to Find with Hills...

Compare/Contrast: Good Man with Hills Currently, a plethora of outstanding stories have been written. What makes a story, though? The answer is the elements that the author includes into his or her writing, such as symbolism and imagery. Hills like White Elephants, written by Ernest Hemingway, and A Good Man is Hard to Find, written by Flannery OConnor, are just two examples of admirable work. Each writer incorporated plenty of elements to improve the story. Since the amount of elements is limited, these two writers exploited several of the same ones. Although the stories have numerous resemblances, they are also remarkably different. Various similarities arise in these two pieces of writing. In both, a main†¦show more content†¦For example, OConnor uses things like five or six graves fenced in the middle and a big black battered hearse-like automobile to symbolize the death that awaits the family. She also includes characters to symbolize higher beings, such as the devil and Jesus. The symbolism that Flannery adds in displays the meaning to the story. This is parallel to the symbolism that occurs in Hills like White Elephants. In this instance, Hemingway relies on the use of symbolism to carry his theme. When Ernest shows the hills as brown and dry or as lovely green, he portrays the outcome of each choice. The audience, in turn, realizes this, and then sees how greed can cause terrible consequences. These two stories can be seen as closely resembling the other, but they possess countless distinctions as well. Both authors applied some of the same elements into their stories. However, the style of writing is unmistakably different. In Hills like White Elephants, Hemingway provides the reader with little detail. At times, it is difficult to comprehend what the characters are discussing because the most information supplied is about an operation. Even then, the reader may have trouble understanding the plot. 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Reincarnation Is A Belief That The Soul - 1058 Words

Reincarnation Reincarnation is a belief that the soul comes back after death but in a new physical form. This new formal could be the form of a human, or an animal. Many religions especially in the continent of Asia, believe in this idea. In the Buddhist belief â€Å"Rebirth is when we are endlessly reborn in new bodies, unless we achieve Nirvana† (Langley, Myrtle. Religion. New York: DK Pub., 2012. Print.) Many people especially in the Roman Catholic Religion do not believe in the concept of reincarnation. In the Bible, (Hebrews 9:27) states â€Å"And just as it is appointed for men to die once, and after that comes judgment†, this scripture from the Christian holy book is one of the principles of the Christian beliefs. It is also one of the†¦show more content†¦Such as a German child starts talking in Latin. Most of these children that are believed to be the reincarnated form of another person when they start to remember and recite in accuracy details of the ir past life. They say things like where they lived, their children, their spouse or spouses, and in some cases how they died. Such is the story of a young boy in India. At around the age of 4 the young Indian boy started rejecting his parents and claiming that they were not his real parents. The parents ignored the child’s comment until he started talking about his â€Å"wife† who was located in another part of the country. He also talked about a bakery he was owner of in his past life. He always talked about a special chair he had by the door of his bakery where he sat and greeted the customers when they walked in. The parents, concerned about his mental state consulted a professional. Once the professional investigator being aware of the child’s words and actions, he set out and investigated if the child’s claims were actually true or not. Slowly the child started speaking more of his past life and even gave the investigator directions to where he once lived. Following the child’s directions they ended up in a bakery in northern India, exactly where the child said it wou ld be. The bakery was owned by the son of a man that had died while taking a bath earlier in the year. Once the child walked into the bakery he greeted his